Genetic science Mendelian origin of 19 If the work of mid-century, the inheritance About aMendelian very assumption more have been proposed before. These assumptions are usually acquired features heredity through suggested that the transfer of these assumptions remain private ebeveyndeki dominant belief was dominant inherited traits. Nowadays, the theory of evolution is usually suggested that the species formed varied from one another based on Jean-Baptiste Lamarcka. Explaining the evolution of various types of properties Lamarck used the example of inheritance. But these changes dayswe, to the kind of thought inherited Lamarckın results not as natural As a result of selection is considered. Peoples development process first As it looks like the question of to whom the child was born, the first observations of heredity. Relatives of the children is not a coincidence that resembles very known since ancient times. Therefore, in some cultures close prohibited marriages between relatives, members çiftleştirilmiştir desired form of domesticated animals. Age 6000 years an old Babylonian inscription, one of five generations at the family tree, the head of mane variation is shown. In some cultures in the selection of seed good plants selected, artificially tozlaşmalar builttask. However, the disclosure of genetic science in the 19th found a century. Fictions about the first Greek philosophers have inherited, today funny these ideas are seen as the first, due to heredity, the first main ideas great needs.
Pythagoras: Pythagoras (BC 580 - BC 500), children fathersper similarities explained: various parts of the body of the steam drained from the man's sexual organ is the concentration of a subtle kind of seed (sperm) occurs, and female sex organs are transmitted during sexual mating. This solidifies the vagina and create an embryo in the womb to grow. This assumption constitutes the basis of the seed from the father due to arrive in the incident patrocline name known. This assumption, mother function embryo bloodby way consists of feed. Pythagoras's opinion, the similarity with the child's mother, described the development of the embryo in the mother's body. Empedocles: Empedocles (BC 494 - BC 434), the seed parent (mother and father) believed came. According to him, both the mother and father during mating from the fluid, organs are collected in the form of seeds, the embryo consisted of mergers. Analogous to the formation of parents and siblings of children dissimilar explained: seed contribution from any part of the body is not always the same rate, each new mating different allows the formation of children. Today, some parts of Anatolia men seed is still believed to come gliding breasts. Aristotle: Aristotle (384 BC? BC 322), is in many aspects as, On inheritance in the ideas suggested.
Thoughts of discussing the centuries has been accepted. Male formed from the blood and each organ reaches seed saflaşarak for believed that the power of re-making bodies of the blood. Aybaşlarında woman in seed pieces thought was blood, but the top ten because of the blood of men exactly like saflaşmamasından, aybaşlarında argued that in this way. According to Aristoya, combining two of the seeds during mating to come into the embryo, deposited. This idea 2000 years until was adopted, used today noble bloody, blood bond, and so bloody bad. statements are believed to come from here. Abiogenesis: 18 Until the mid-century, many researchers, organisms, at least those with small, individual, various mixtures of decaying substances spontaneously (spontaneous), so as abiyogenetik (live without) believed emerged. Flies in the framework of self-garbage-out, Leeuwenhoek'un (1632-1723), a mixture of seemingly clean water from the straw and observe small creatures and other such observations, a parent directly transition can occur without the support of life seemed like. Two Italian scientists humanFrancesco Redi and Lazzaro Spallanzani i severely criticized this theory and have done some studies on this subject. Redi; adult flies on meat yumurtlamasını önleyince, fly larvae develop in; Spallazani; kaynatıldığında off the bottle containing organic matter observed by Leeuwenhoek did not occur by itself showed little creatures. Special creation theory: a systematic science, is the founder of the species according to Linnaeus had invariance, a species might bring in only those living species.
In other words, animal and plant groups had to be left unchanged, since the earth appears. Religious belief in this view, matching, classification between science progresses, the researchers adopted. Biogenesis: spontaneous occurrence (abiogenesis) and 19 special creation theories discussed with each other çatışarak century, Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall ended their studies in the theory of spontaneous generation. This is the breakdown of organic matter, researchers but other particles are allowed to enter the state of the culture of food showed occurred. The more particles afterwas said to cause fermentation of organic matter and microbes when they were found. These findings, but life is the emergence of new organisms continuityProvision for düşündürttü opinion will emerge along. And Pasteur vivum Omne ex ovo (all live born from an egg) made the definition. Aura seminalis: 1620 in British physiologist William Harvey for many years after his shake, made some experiments with this view. After killing the deer çiftleştirdikten rahimlerine overlooking Harvey, there is no draft of an embryo had been deposited. New organism, the so-called male menisinin mystical aura seminal influence of friction arising during mating magnetization leads to the formation of the embryo was defended. The invention of the microscope thanks to the discovery of sex cells, sperm in males, females, the egg cell that provided an understanding. Thus, the combination of germ cells in the cell was understood he was born a new life. Pre-oluşumculuk: 17 and 18 centuries, eggs, sperm, and many researchers after the discovery of pollen, called Homunculus believed that there is a miniature human figure in one of the sex cells. This view pre-oluşumculuk (preformasyonizm) became known as. Accordingly, the pre-made miniature adult in this situation for gelebilmesi appropriate the needed nutrition.
However, There were some questions for the adoption of this hypothesis, for example, never really has not seen this homunkulus. Front oluşumculuk theory, according to the theory of spontaneity important The degree of an idea in the future. Epigenez: Caspar Friedrich Wolff put forward another view of the epigenetic view, many new factors (such as tissue and organ) does not exist in the original, but it emerged during the development of the organism defends. Wolff believed that these organs fully understood the vital forces emerged later. Follower of Karl Ernst von Baer is more of an accepted theory, the relative change of organs, tissues, formed the opinion suggested that an increase privatized. Inheritance of acquired characters: the concept of inheritance of acquired characteristics modern definition is as follows: occurring in a small change, A species found in this environment all (or most) members will cause a change in these animals back to the original environment of this new feature will continue konunca. This feature also seen in offspring of individuals to be inherited. Hippocrates and Aristotle in ancient times the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics, and been driven forward by the time of Lamarck saw widespread acceptance. This idea of being available since the time of the ancient Greeks often referred to as Lamarckism with reference to the French tabiatçısı Lamarcka Jean Baptiste. Pangenez: Most people in the sex cells, but still body believed that the parts of the hereditary effect. Lamarck also supported this view, to transfer the ideas suggested acquired characteristics. Darwin also supported this view and pangenezisdenilen the assumption that the first time suggested. This assumption gemmula every body cell into the blood a little, and their reproductive cells, or the collection of structures called pangenezis sözkonusuydu opinion. Some primitive organisms, etc. in the tail breaking off. gemmulaların gathered around events such as the repair, some children of Family resemble members of the task without the formation of gemmulaların sometimes-embryo-cell, directly through the sex was thought to show the effect of the next Dold.
Chromosomes found: 19 several important findings were obtained at the end of the century. They are the source of the material of heredity to determine more clearly made a start. Cell structure and division of work of many researchers is now known, the cell nucleus is defined 1833 by Robert Brown, Oscar Hertwig sea directly related to the fertilising sperm and egg nuclei showed that chestnut, protoplasmic material nukleoplazma the term for the kernel, the core of cytoplasm that surrounds the term used for the cell structure of the material. Johann Gottlob Schneider, dark-stained nuclear fibers called chromatin. Walther Flemming uzadığını during their division, Edouard Van Daughter cells of equal parts passed Beneden said. 20. the beginning of the century, Theodor Boveri, the work of researchers such as Hermann and Montgomery Henking light Thanks to the division of cell and nuclear morphological events observed in microscope and an equal division of chromosomes and thus shown to leave the Atasoy and kromozomsal bonds between generations was determined. Germ-plasma theory: 19 Towards the end of the century Weismann, pangenezim doing some more work on the theory, it is constantly pointed out tekhücrelilerde protoplasm. Germ-plasma theory put forward by completely untenable assumption of inheritance of acquired characteristics. According to him, tekhücreliler bölündüklerinde protoplasm of the offspring had the same anadakiyle. Thus, this kind of continuity may be çokhücrelilerde thinking, the assumption that germ-plasma [15] was put forward. According to this hypothesis, high-living things that make up the somatoplazma portion of the body, forming reproductive cells formed germ-plasma. Embryo stages of germ-plasma formed by other tissues, but did not nothing to do with somatoplazma. Germ-plasma, sperm and eggs, as does the embryo, some cells in the embryo to create germ plasma remained unchanged, as other cells differ somatoplazma. This assumption was discontinued but the new generation of mice tails of mice for generations were born still be seen on the tail, was refuted on the grounds of acquired characteristics are not inherited. The mutation theory of Hugo de Vries, Darwinin pangenezisi theories did not agree with some points and adopting large variations between species eğilmiştir to find the basis.
Tulips with his observations as a sudden mutation explained the reason for the different species. More Then, with a pure bred varieties eşekçiçekleri achieved. Mendelian peas saw that he had noticed the same things. Mendel'inkiyle published in 1900 with the invention can change its opinion on the acceptance of units maintained and inherited. Thus, this observation is found in previously repeating 20th Menden century has altered the flow of genetics. Austrian monk Gregor Mendel in the courtyard of the monastery of the natural sciences 1865te passion in the garden 7 properties (particle shape and color, shell color, etc..) decided to work on showing the edible peas. Based on tests, written essays on plant hybrids in his article, said the laws on transportation of certain inherited traits [17] [18]. This article sent to scientists from around the world, reactions to positive but not soft. Put forward at the beginning of the article, but different scientists in the 1900s after the discovery was considered again. DNA Swiss 1869da physician Friedrich Miescher yalıtılabildi by. Pus in the form of phosphate rich yalıttı an ore. This is the core essence of matter, called the sense nuclein. Nucleic all cells, found that there are even salmon sperm. Walther Flemming described the first time a 1879da mitosis. Although mitosis, but was discovered by him 40 years ago by Carl Nagel, Nagel is a natural event is considered to be abnormal mitosis. Walther Flemming to describe the cell division prophase, metaphase and anaphase the terms put forward. 1882 Work? Also published. 1880 Oskar Hertwig and Eduard Strasburger döllenmedeki basic element of sperm (sperm Eng.) discovered that the so-called merger of the sperm cells and egg cells. 1891 Theodor Boveri showed that the chromosomes are indispensable elements of life. The laws of inheritance discovered in 1900, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg separately, Mendel discovered the laws. The first time in 1902, Walter Sutton, about the chromosome theory of inheritance, ie, genes, chromosomes carrying the elements that they are sign observed a division of meiosis. Mendelian model of separation of chromosomes fully supports the stated hypothesis. Assumption of the same year, Thomas Morgan, published an article this work? Of proven work. In the same year, Archibald Garrod in humans is a disease described by way of inheritance of a disease: Alkaptonüri. 1905te William Bateson, the necessity of genetic diversity is now named, citing an article in a letter, and used the term genetics, genetic science academic sense, was the founder and father of the name.
1909da Wilhelm Johannsen introduced the term gene and the appearance of an entity (phenotype) and gene (genotype) showed that the difference between. 1911, Thomas Morgan, a white-eyed mutant of Drosophila (fruit fly) added due to the presence of mutations. Genetic connections and "thanks to the discovery of genetic recombination chromosomes revealed that carriers of genes. Alfred Sturtevant, Calvin Bridges, and Hermann Muller [31] has worked with. 1933 received the Nobel medicine prize. Experiments on the chromosome theory of inheritance thoroughly strengthened. 1913te Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant, showing the layout and the layout of the consecutive genes along the chromosome, the first genetic map of the X chromosomes of Drosophila fly released. 1928, Fred Griffith, Streptococcus pneumoniae, type bacteria experiments carried out on, thanks to genetic transformation of bacteria was discovered. The conversion between the two cells to transfer the genetic information provided. However, the nature of the policy could solve here is not a converter. 1941 George Beadle and Edward Tatum crassayı Neurospora gene by examining each one (especially one) threw out the hypothesis that the enzyme encoded. X-ray diffraction of DNA 1943te by William Astbury on the structure of the molecule in question allowed me to be thrown out the first hypothesis: a structure of regular and periodic sözkonusuydu. In 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, a molecule of DNA is inherited enformasyona, that revealed the characteristics of a cell that can convert. Barbara McClintock and the genome is thought to alter the genes of many less showed that static; 1983, received the Nobel medicine prize.
1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discovered See: Infection grabbing the case must be entered in a cell, only the virus was DNA. Studies of DNA? Greatly strengthened the hypothesis of the genes to occur. 1953 Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind francs cliché of the DNA molecule and then determining the research work, James Dewey Watson and Francis Crick of DNA genetic molekülünce of information explaining the move, presented the DNA double helix-shaped model. Watson, Crick and Wilkins, 1962 due to these discoveries? Also received the Nobel Prize in Medicine. 1955 Joe Hin Tjio revealed the exact number of human chromosomes: 23 pairs were. DNA DNA ikileşmesine Arthur Kornberg discovered DNA polymerase, an enzyme that allows DNA 1957 ikileşmesinin mechanism (functioning) thoroughly gained enlightenment. Examination of chromosomes of a child with Down's syndrome in 1958 during the so-called Jerome Lejeune 21 people discovered that an extra chromosome pairs of chromosomes. Thus, in the world, found a link between mental disability and an abnormality of chromosomes was put forward for the first time. Lejeune later, colleagues, or exploring the mechanism of chromosome from other diseases, has opened the way for modern genetics and cytogenetics branch. 1960s French biologist Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod French biochemist kavuşturdular light on the mechanism of protein biosynthesis. The principle was recognized as the genetic code. Jacob and Monod refers to proteins in the regulation of protein biosynthesis, synthesis and gene expression showed the presence of DNA sequences involved in the light of day, was released. Nobel Prize in 1965 due to the genetic code were deciphered. Was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1968 due to the dissolution of the genetic code. Was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975 for his discovery of the mechanism of the functioning of viruses. Since 1975, major genomic economic has become the focus of interests. 1977 DNAdaki nucleotide sequences were determined. 1983 Kary Banks Mullis invented by the polymerase chain reaction, DNA isolation and replication of the DNA fragments provided the desired regions.
1983 The first mapped the genetic disease (Huntington's disease). 1985 Development of polymerase chain reaction. In 1989, understanding of genetic diseases, research, screening, pre- estimate in order to be treated and, if possible, one by one to determine the identity of genes in the human genome is 3 billion nucleotide pairs found in the codes can be solved in a project It was decided to create. For this purpose, set out, composed of scientists in 18 countries and the United States? CONTENTS organized by the National Institutes of Health study team first started working under the name of the Human Genome Project. Long term, this major work, inevitably part of the required work, such as France 14 solve the DNA sequence of chromosome (14 chromosomes of the dissolution of nucleotide codes, the detection of sequences) responsible. Genomic origin of all forms of information in the 1990s in France, benefiting from the methods developed to control robots. Evry'deki in 1992-1996 (France) a first genetic maps of Généthon laboratory of the human genome was published by Weissenbach. In 1994 the first genetically modified food were obtained: tomatoes. 1997 E. dizilendi coli genome. 1998, the human genome data, was founded by Craig Venter and Perkin Elmer, Celera Genomics in the United States is the center of the special company Although the National Institutes of Healthınkinden a different technical started collecting using. 1999da 22 dizilenmesi chromosome has been completed. Large Britanyadaki a team organized by the Sanger Institute, for the first time the entire DNA sequence of a human chromosome had set: This is 22 kromozomdu. Of 2000 June In both the NIH - NHGRI (National Human Genome Research Institute - National Human Genome Research Institute), as well as the human genome, Celera Genomics announced that DNA sequences have detected 99unu%. National Institutes of Health research results about an article in Nature called "a science in the newspaper, the research company Celera Genomics is a science to science in the newspaper published an article about the results. In July of 2002, Japanese researchers at the University of Tokyo, Escherichia coli, a type of bacteria, the existing four nucleotide (A, T, G and C), as well as 2 nucleotides (S and H) indicated that more saptadıklarını.
Interesting thing about these two new genetic quality live-nucleotide genetic kalıtıyla assets have nothing in common was that since, moreover, these researchers, those do not exist in nature, a protein produced by unknown. Some people do not hesitate to talk about this new creation. On April 14th of 2003, the completed human genome project was announced that detection of DNA sequences, DNA dizilenmesinin completion, the gene encoding the entire region was brought to light.
